| Ralstonia solanacearum |
Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Pseudomonadota (Proteobacteria), Class Betaproteobacteria, Order Burkholderiales, Family Burkholderiaceae, Genus
Ralstonia, Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith 1896) Yabuuchi et al. 1996 emend. Safni et al. 2014.
Classified into 5 biovars based on the ability to use disaccharides and oxidize hexoze alcohols producing acid when positive.
Classified into races based on host range.
Historical synonyms: Pseudomonas solanacearum Smith 1914 (Bacillus solanacearum Smith 1896), Burkholderia solanacearum
Yabuuchi et al. 1993.
According to Safni et al. 2014, R. solanacearum phylotype I and III strains were reclassified as Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum, R.
solanacearum phylotype IV strains as Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis, banana blood disease bacterium strains as Ralstonia
syzygii subsp. celebesensis.
Ralstonia, Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith 1896) Yabuuchi et al. 1996 emend. Safni et al. 2014.
Classified into 5 biovars based on the ability to use disaccharides and oxidize hexoze alcohols producing acid when positive.
Classified into races based on host range.
Historical synonyms: Pseudomonas solanacearum Smith 1914 (Bacillus solanacearum Smith 1896), Burkholderia solanacearum
Yabuuchi et al. 1993.
According to Safni et al. 2014, R. solanacearum phylotype I and III strains were reclassified as Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum, R.
solanacearum phylotype IV strains as Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis, banana blood disease bacterium strains as Ralstonia
syzygii subsp. celebesensis.
Gram negative, 0.5-0.7 by 1.5-2.5 μm, motile rods (1 to 4 flagella). Accumulates poly-
beta-hydroxybutyrate.
beta-hydroxybutyrate.
S-type or R-type colonies. Some strains can produce a diffusible, nonfluorescent
brown pigment. Strictly aerobic. Optimal temperature 30 ºC, does not grow at 41 ºC.
Does not require any growth factors, including sodium chloride. Grows on media:
TZC agar (Kelman), TTC (triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) medium, SMSA-E (soil
isolation medium).
brown pigment. Strictly aerobic. Optimal temperature 30 ºC, does not grow at 41 ºC.
Does not require any growth factors, including sodium chloride. Grows on media:
TZC agar (Kelman), TTC (triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) medium, SMSA-E (soil
isolation medium).
Isolated from soil (many types of soil with various pH values), water, plants (roots).
Plant pathogen (bacterial wilt) - tobacco (Granville wilt), tomato, potato (brown rot), eggplant, pepper, banana trees (Moko disease),
geranium (Southern wilt) and many others. Pathogenicity may be lost in laboratory conditions (correlated with colony variation).
geranium (Southern wilt) and many others. Pathogenicity may be lost in laboratory conditions (correlated with colony variation).
- Whitmore A.: An account of a glanders-like disease occurring in Rangoon. Journal of Hygiene, 1913, 13, 1-34.
- Smith E.F.: A bacterial disease of the tomato, eggplant and Irish potato (Bacillus solanacearum n. sp.). Bulletin, Division of
Vegetable Physiology and Pathology, United States Department of Agriculture, 1896, 12, 1-28. - Smith E.F.: Bacteria in relation to plant diseases. Carnegie Institute, Washington, 1914, 3, 1-309.
- Yabuuchi E., Kosako Y., Oyaizu H., Yano I., Hotta H., Hashimoto Y., Ezaki T. & Arakawa M.: Proposal of Burkholderia gen. nov. and
transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia
cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. nov. Microbiol. Immunol., 1992, 36, 1251-1275. - Yabuuchi E., Kosako Y., Yano I., Hotta H., & Nishiuchi Y.: Transfer of two Burkholderia and an Alcaligenes species to Ralstonia
gen. nov.: proposal of Ralstonia pickettii (Ralston, Palleroni and Doudoroff 1973) comb. nov., Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith
1896) comb. nov. and Ralstonia eutropha (Davis 1969) comb. nov. Microbiol. Immunol., 1995, 39, 897-904. - Tim Momol, Prakash Pradhanang, and Carlos A. Lopes: Bacterial Wilt of Pepper. Plant Pathology Department, Florida Cooperative
Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2001. - French E. B., Gutarra L., Aley P. & Elphinstone J.: Culture media for Ralstonia solanacearum. Isolation, identification and
maintenance. Fitopatologia vol 30 (3), 1995, 126-130. - Teizi Urakami, Chieko Ito-Yoshida, Hisaya Araki, Toshio Kijima, Ken-Ichiro Suzuki, and Kazuo Komagata: Transfer of
Pseudomonas plantarii and Pseudomonas glumae to Burkholderia as Burkholderia spp. and Description of Burkholderia vandii
sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol April 1994 44:235-245. - Eiko Yabuuchi, Yoshiaki Kawamura and Takayuki Ezaki: Genus VII. Ralstonia Yabuuchi, Kosako, Yano, Hotta and Nishiuchi 1996,
625VP In: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Second edition,Vol two, part C, George M. Garrity (Editor-in-Chief), pp. 609-
620. - Safni, I., Cleenwerck, I., De Vos, P., Fegan, M., Sly, L. and Kappler, U. 2014. Polyphasic taxonomic revision of the Ralstonia
solanacearum species complex: proposal to emend the descriptions of Ralstonia solanacearum and Ralstonia syzygii and
reclassify current R. syzygii strains as Ralstonia syzygii subsp. syzygii subsp. nov., R. solanacearum phylotype IV strains as
Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis subsp. nov., banana blood disease bacterium strains as Ralstonia syzygii subsp.
celebesensis subsp. nov. and R. solanacearum phylotype I and III strains as Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum sp. nov. Int. J. Syst.
Evol. Microbiol., 64, 3087-3103.
Positive results for alkaline reaction in OF base medium, catalase, p-nitro-beta-D-galactopyranoside, oxidase and urease. Some
strains produce nitrite from nitrate. Acid is produced oxidatively from glucose, mannose, fructose, glycerol, galactose and sucrose.
Can utilize as carbon source: mio-inositol, glucose, D-fructose, sucrose, DL-lactate, cis-aconitic acid, alaninamide, malate, D- and
L-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, D-glucuronic acid, citrate (most strains), D-galacturonic acid, glycerol, glycogen, L-histidine,
urocanic acid, alpha-hydroxybutyric acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, alpha-ketobutyric acid, L-leucine, alpha-ketoglutaric acid,
alpha-ketovaleric acid, monomethylsuccinate, propionic acid, D-psicose, D- and L-serine, L-threonine, Tween 40, Tween 80, acetic
acid, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, DL-lactic acid, methylpyruvate, L-proline, L-pyroglutamic
acid, pyruvic acid, quinic acid, D-saccharic acid, sebacic acid, succinic acid, bromosuccinic acid, L-asparagine and L-aspartic acid.
Negative results for arginine dihydrolase, esculin hydrolysis, gelatin hydrolysis, H2S production, indole production lysine
decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase and starch hydrolysis.
Does not utilize potassium gluconate, n-caprate, adipate, L-arabinose, D-mannose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, L-alanyl-glycine,
glucuronamide, formic acid, D-galactonic acid lactone, D-galactose, D-gluconic acid, glycyl-L-glutamic acid, gamma-hydroxybutyric
acid, itaconic acid, malonic acid, L-phenylalanine, succinamic acid, phenylethylamine, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, alpha-cyclodextrin,
i-erythritol, glycyl-L-aspartic acid, inosine, D-raffinose, uridine, alpha-D-lactose, lactulose, D-melibiose, beta-methyl-D-glucoside,
L-rhamnose, turanose, xylitol, adonitol, 2-aminoethanol, D-arabitol, 2,3-butanediol, DL-carnitine, dextrin, L-fucose, gentiobiose,
glucose-1-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, D-glucosaminic acid, DL-alpha-glycerol phosphate, hydroxy-L-proline, L-ornithine,
putrescine, D-trehalose and thymidine.
strains produce nitrite from nitrate. Acid is produced oxidatively from glucose, mannose, fructose, glycerol, galactose and sucrose.
Can utilize as carbon source: mio-inositol, glucose, D-fructose, sucrose, DL-lactate, cis-aconitic acid, alaninamide, malate, D- and
L-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, D-glucuronic acid, citrate (most strains), D-galacturonic acid, glycerol, glycogen, L-histidine,
urocanic acid, alpha-hydroxybutyric acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, alpha-ketobutyric acid, L-leucine, alpha-ketoglutaric acid,
alpha-ketovaleric acid, monomethylsuccinate, propionic acid, D-psicose, D- and L-serine, L-threonine, Tween 40, Tween 80, acetic
acid, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, DL-lactic acid, methylpyruvate, L-proline, L-pyroglutamic
acid, pyruvic acid, quinic acid, D-saccharic acid, sebacic acid, succinic acid, bromosuccinic acid, L-asparagine and L-aspartic acid.
Negative results for arginine dihydrolase, esculin hydrolysis, gelatin hydrolysis, H2S production, indole production lysine
decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase and starch hydrolysis.
Does not utilize potassium gluconate, n-caprate, adipate, L-arabinose, D-mannose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, L-alanyl-glycine,
glucuronamide, formic acid, D-galactonic acid lactone, D-galactose, D-gluconic acid, glycyl-L-glutamic acid, gamma-hydroxybutyric
acid, itaconic acid, malonic acid, L-phenylalanine, succinamic acid, phenylethylamine, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, alpha-cyclodextrin,
i-erythritol, glycyl-L-aspartic acid, inosine, D-raffinose, uridine, alpha-D-lactose, lactulose, D-melibiose, beta-methyl-D-glucoside,
L-rhamnose, turanose, xylitol, adonitol, 2-aminoethanol, D-arabitol, 2,3-butanediol, DL-carnitine, dextrin, L-fucose, gentiobiose,
glucose-1-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, D-glucosaminic acid, DL-alpha-glycerol phosphate, hydroxy-L-proline, L-ornithine,
putrescine, D-trehalose and thymidine.
(c) Costin Stoica
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