| Clavibacter californiensis |
Differential characters:
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Legend: + positive; - negative; V variable; nd not determined.
- Gonzales A.J. and Trapiello E. 2014. Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. phaseoli subsp. nov., pathogenic in bean. Int. J. Syst. Evol.
Microbiol. 64, 1752-1755. - Yasuhara-Bell J. and Alvarez A.M., 2015. Seed-associated subspecies of the genus Clavibacter are clearly distinguishable from
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Int. J. Syst. Microbiol. 65, 811-826. - Cummins C.S., Lelliott R.A. and Rogosa M., 1975. Genus Corynebacterium Lehmann and Neumann 1896. In: Buchanan R.E. and
Gibbons N.E. (Editors), Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, Eight Edition, The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore,
602-617. - Holt J.G., Krieg N.R., Sneath P.H.A., Staley J.T. and Williams S.T., 1994. Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, Ninth
Edition, Williams & Wilkins, A Waverly Company, Baltimore, pp 571-596. - Davis M.J., Gillaspie Jr. A.G., Vidaver A.K. and Harris R.W., 1984. Clavibacter: a New Genus Containing Some Phytopathogenic
Coryneform Bacteria, Including Clavibacter xyli subsp. xyli sp. nov., subsp. nov. and Clavibacter xyli subsp. cynodontis subsp.
nov., Pathogens That Cause Ratoon Stunting Disease of Sugarcane and Bermudagrass Stunting Disease. IJSB Vol. 34, No. 2, p.
107-117. - Carlson R.R. and Vidaver A.K., 1982. Taxonomy of Corynebacterium Plant Pathogens, Including a New Pathogen of Wheat, Based
on Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis of Cellular Proteins. IJSB Vol. 32, N0. 3, p. 315-326. - Vidaver A.K. and Mandel M., 1974. Corynebacterium nebraskense, a New, Orange-Pigmented Phytopathogenic Species. Int. J.
Syst. Bacteriol. Vol. 24, No. 4, p. 482-485. - Arizala D, Dobhal S, Alvarez AM, Arif M. Elevation of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. californiensis to species level as Clavibacter
californiensis sp. nov., merging and re-classification of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. chilensis and Clavibacter
michiganensis subsp. phaseoli as Clavibacter phaseoli sp. nov. based on complete genome in silico analyses. Int J Syst Evol
Microbiol 2022; 72:5427.
Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Actinomycetota, Class Actinomycetes, Order Micrococcales, Family Microbacteriaceae, Genus Clavibacter, Clavibacter
michiganensis subsp. californiensis Yasuhara-Bell and Alvarez 2015.
Arizala et al. 2022 elevated Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. californiensis to species level as Clavibacter californiensis.
michiganensis subsp. californiensis Yasuhara-Bell and Alvarez 2015.
Arizala et al. 2022 elevated Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. californiensis to species level as Clavibacter californiensis.
Gram-positive coryneform rods. Non-motile. Non-sporulated.
Colonies are yellow-orange, round and mucoid, with a thick and gummy consistency
(produced larger amounts of exopolysaccharide). Grows on YSC, YDC, medium-6,
CNS medium, CMM1 and BCT media; sucrose appears to be the preffered carbon
surce. Aerobe. Optimal growth at 24-28 ºC. Can grow at 10 ºC, but not at 37 ºC.
(produced larger amounts of exopolysaccharide). Grows on YSC, YDC, medium-6,
CNS medium, CMM1 and BCT media; sucrose appears to be the preffered carbon
surce. Aerobe. Optimal growth at 24-28 ºC. Can grow at 10 ºC, but not at 37 ºC.
Seed-associated strains (isolated from tomato seed produced in California).
Non-pathogenic.
Not acid fast. Description is based on API Coryne, API ZYM and Biolog tests.
Positive results for acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, catalase, esculin
hydrolysis, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), alpha- and beta-galactosidase, alpha- and beta-glucosidase, leucine arylamidase,
naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, starch hydrolysis (weak), acid production from glucose (weak).
Can utilize acetate, dextrin, maltose, trehalose, cellobiose, gentiobiose, sucrose, turanose, stachyose, raffinose, alpha-lactose,
melibiose, methyl beta-D-glucoside, D-salicin, alpha-D-glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-fucose, inosine, D-sorbitol,
D-mannitol, myo-inositol, glycerol, L-alanine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, pectin, D-gluconic acid, glucuronamide, quinic acid,
L-malic acid, acetoacetic acid and acetic acid.
Negative results for casein hydrolysis, citrate utilization, gelatinase, H2S production, lipase, methyl red, nitrate reduction, oxidase,
urease, acid production from: adonitol, glycerol, inulin, mannitol, mannose, raffinose, rhamnose, ribose and sorbitol.
Positive results for acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, catalase, esculin
hydrolysis, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), alpha- and beta-galactosidase, alpha- and beta-glucosidase, leucine arylamidase,
naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, starch hydrolysis (weak), acid production from glucose (weak).
Can utilize acetate, dextrin, maltose, trehalose, cellobiose, gentiobiose, sucrose, turanose, stachyose, raffinose, alpha-lactose,
melibiose, methyl beta-D-glucoside, D-salicin, alpha-D-glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-fucose, inosine, D-sorbitol,
D-mannitol, myo-inositol, glycerol, L-alanine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, pectin, D-gluconic acid, glucuronamide, quinic acid,
L-malic acid, acetoacetic acid and acetic acid.
Negative results for casein hydrolysis, citrate utilization, gelatinase, H2S production, lipase, methyl red, nitrate reduction, oxidase,
urease, acid production from: adonitol, glycerol, inulin, mannitol, mannose, raffinose, rhamnose, ribose and sorbitol.
(c) Costin Stoica
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